How the Classical Theory Pertains to Crime Prevention

How the Classical Theory Pertains to Crime Prevention The classical school of criminology is a group of thinkers of crime and punishment in the 18th century. The most prominent members, such as Cesare Beccaria, shared the idea that criminal behavior could be understood and controlled. The classical theory insisted that individuals are rational beings who pursue their own interests, trying to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain. The following manuscript will cover three key concepts the origins of classical thought, popular forerunner of classical thought, Cesare Beccaria, and how the classical theory pertains to crime prevention. Lastly, the educational material will show that crime is caused by natural forces and the absence of effective punishment allows it to continue. With clearly defined laws, public punishment, and the elimination of judicial discretion crime can be prevented by deterrence. Crimes and Punishment: How the Classical Theory Pertains to Crime Prevention Criminology has six theoretical developments in its discipline. This essay will look into the classical school theory. The classical school of criminology has many parts such as the major principles of the classical school, forerunners of classical thought, and policy implications of the classical school. First, I will define classical theory as well as summarize the origins of classical thought. Next, I will explore one of the most popular forerunners of classical thought, Cesare Beccaria. Lastly, I will discuss how the classical theory pertains to crime prevention as well as how deterrence plays apart. Literature Review To properly compose a manuscript on how the classical theory pertains to crime prevention, classical theorist Beccarias work had to be examined. Many of the reforms that occurred in the 18th century can be ascribed to Beccaria (Newman Marongiu, 1990). Beccaria (1983), discussed that the more promptly the punishment follows the crime the more useful it will be. Martin, Mutchnick, and Austin (1990), states that the classical and neoclassical thought represents more a philosophy of justice than it does a theory of crime causation. Cohen and Felson (1979), suggested that lifestyles contribute significantly to both the volume and the type of crime found in any society. Thus, Reed and Yeager (1996), examined Gottfredson and Hirshis theory of crime, with particular respect to its applicability to organizational offending. Moriarty and Williams (1996), discussed the individual choice and a relative disregard for the role of social factors in crime causation, such as poverty, poor home environment, and inadequate socialization. Rational choice theory seems to assume that everyone is equally capable of making a rational decision; however, it depends on the personality of the individual (Tunnell, 1990). In dealing with punishment and how it deters crime it was necessary to look at studies. Although one might expect study results to show that the death penalty deters crime; however, it was found that the rates of murder committed between states that have eliminated the death penalty and those that retain it had little variation (Bailey, 1979). Sitze (2009), discusses how capital punishment presents a problem for the philosophy of law. Also, Sitze expands on Beccaria thought of how the death penalty is bad economy of power. Discussion Classical Theory The classical theory dominated crime theory during the late 1700s and the 1800s. The essential ideas of classical theory include individuals are rational beings who pursue their own interest, trying to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain. Unless they are deterred by the threat of swift, certain, and appropriately severe punishments, they may commit crimes in their pursuit of self-interest (Martinetal, 1990). Classical theory argues that crime is caused by natural forces or forces of this world, such as the absence of effective punishments. Classical theory was developed in reaction to the harsh, corrupt, and often arbitrary nature of the legal system in the 1700s (Vold et al., 2002). Classical theorists were mainly interested in critiquing this system and offering proposals for its reform, but embedded in their arguments is a theory of criminal behavior. The circumstances of some individuals, then, may lead them to evaluate the potential pains of punishment and pleasures of crime differently than other individuals. Poor people, for example, may be less deterred by the pains of punishment and more attracted by the pleasures of crime (Beccaria, 1983). Classical theory assumes that people are rational and engage in crime to minimize their pain and maximize their pleasure. Some criminologists, however, argue that many offenders are not rational and that crime is not in their self-interest. Rather, they engage in crime because of forces beyond their control and they often suffer greatly because of their behavior (Vold et al., 2002). Classical theorists state that whether people engage in crime is largely dependent on the swiftness, certainty, and appropriateness of the punishments they face. Cesare Beccaria Cesare Beccaria was an 18th century Italian nobleman and economist. Beccaria was considered to most the father of Criminology. Because of Beccarias work he was the most important figure head of what is known as the Classical Theory. The 18th century was times in history were severe and often extreme punishment was enforced for crimes committed. During such a time in history Beccaria offered the theory of utility. Beccaria examined the causes of delinquent and criminal behavior, and by doing so was able to scientifically determine what causes such deviant behavior. Beccaria rejected the theories of the European Enlightenment which characterized the deviant behavior under the theories of naturalism and even demonology. Beccaria wanted to pass on the philosophy of the Age of Enlightenment, by doing so these new theories passed on rationalism and humanitarianism (Martin et al., 1990). Beccaria set out to make punishment for committing crimes rational. He believed that there should be a hierarchy of punishment a scale determining what punishments is suitable for the behavior and/or intent. The scale of punishment would have set punishments for repeat offenders as well as for the more serious crimes. This would change how the death penalty was imposed. The scale of punishment, Beccaria was working on, would only impose the death penalty depending on the severity of the crime and not the act or acts of committing or involvement. Beccaria also believed that judges had to broad of discretion on which punishment to impose on what act of deviant behavior. Therefore, Beccaria favored specific punishments fitting each crime. He published an historic piece, An Essay on Crimes and Punishment, in 1764, to communicate his observations on the laws and justice system of his time. In the Essay, Beccaria distilled the notion of the social contract into the idea that laws are the c onditions under which independent and isolated men united to form a society. (Beccaria, 1983) Crime Preventions and Deterrence Deterrence theory most fully reflects the ideas of classical theory. Deterrence theorists argue that people are rational and pursue their own interests, attempting to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain. They choose to engage in crime if they believe it is to their advantage. The best way to prevent crime, therefore, is through punishments that are swift, certain, and appropriately severe. Deterrence theorists, like classical theorists, focus primarily on the impact of official punishments on crime. Deterrence occurs when someone refrains from committing a crime because he or she fears the certainty, swiftness, and/or severity of formal legal punishment (Paternoster Bachman, 2001). Deterrence theory makes a distinction between two types of deterrence; specific and general. Specific deterrence refers to the idea that punishment reduces the crime of those specific people who are punished. So, punishing someone for a crime should reduce the likelihood of further crime by that person. Studies on general deterrence ask whether punishment deters crime among people in the general population. It has been argued that punishment may deter crime among those who are not punished. Therefore, deterrence through punishment is an effective way to prevent crime (Paternoster Piquero, 1995). Conclusion Throughout the essay classical theory, Cesare Beccaria, and deterrence has been explored in relation with one another. The manuscript disclosed that individuals are rational beings who pursue their own interests, trying to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain. Classical theorist Cesare Beccaria determined that if the justice system reformed such as using rational penalties for crimes committed then such behavior could be deterred. The deterrence theory proved that people do refrain from committing crimes because of the fear of punishment. Therefore, the deterrence theory most fully reflects the ideas of classical theory.

Analytical Essay – Lochie Leonard

Awkwardness, rudeness and moodiness are stereotypes which are used to represent teenagers. In his novel â€Å"Locke Leonard the Human Torpedo', Tim Wanton explores the emotional development of teenagers. In the novel he represents teenagers as reckless. This is achieved through Locale's inappropriate actions, rude behavior and his bad language. The novel displays teenagers as reckless through their inappropriate behavior.In the chapter ‘Getting Serious' Locke and Vicki are alone in her house and they engage n sexual activities disregarding the possible consequences. This is also shown later on in the book in the chapter ‘Ocean Beach' where they again act without thinking. The two chapters give the reader a clear example that teenagers can be reckless due to their inappropriate behavior. At school Locke displays rude behavior towards his teachers.In the chapter ‘Everybody's Favorite Spread' Locke is in class studying his least favorite subject, Math, and is rude to his teacher by omitting to call him sir (pap-18). Also in the chapter ‘True Torpedoing' Locke is in his woodwork class and once again displays dude behavior and insolence to his teacher by suggesting that the teacher ‘does his block (pap-31). This insulting comment could enrage an already hostile teacher even more and is therefore reckless.In the first two weeks Locke has already acquired a bad reputation for himself. Locale's rude behavior is very risky. Teenagers are represented as reckless due to their use of inappropriate or bad language. Locke has been influenced to use bad language after reading a book about sexual development. In the chapter ‘Everyone's Favorite Spread' Locke is being bullied. Whilst being bullied he retaliates by calling them ‘a bunch of yellow vulvas! (pap), which might provoke them to attack him, rather than trying to calm them down, which would be more sensible. Locale's use of language clearly represents teens as reckless. In this novel Tim Wanton represents teenagers as reckless because of their inappropriate actions, rude behavior and bad language. He has focused on emotional development in adolescents. While this is only one aspect of the challenges faced by teens, the author has represented common stereotypes in characters and their actions to describe teenagers.

The Novel Dracula By Bram Stoker - 2614 Words

The book Dracula by Abraham Stoker is filled with many intriguing topics and themes such as sexuality and gender. These topics and the way they are addressed in the book were very controversial when published on May 26, 1897 and were seen as scandalous by its readers. Through this book, Bram Stoker made the idea of vampires become a relevant part of popular culture as it is today and allowed them to be interpreted as figures symbolizing sex and the transference of disease. During Stoker s era, women were looked down upon and were accused of being immoral for having sex outside of marriage and contracting any sexual diseases. These â€Å"women who lose their virtue(virginity) become ‘fallen women,’ outcasts doomed to death or secluded repentance†(Fry). Though these acts generally involve male participation, it is mainly the woman who must deal with the consequences, while the man is able to be free of judgement and continue his life. â€Å"The patriarchal tendenci es and views of the Victorian society further enforced male superiority and dominance over women†(Podonsky). This being said, the question is, how did some of this prejudice against women translate into the writing of Stoker s work Dracula and what did Stoker think of his society s description of an â€Å"ideal† woman? The answer to this question is that the thoughts held by the majority about women made their way into the book Dracula in a very satirical manner and the hopeful mind of Abraham Stoker refused to believe thatShow MoreRelatedThe Novel Dracula By Bram Stoker, Is A Horror Story That1558 Words   |  7 PagesThe novel Dracula by Bram Stoker, is a horror story that involves a group of male protagonists, Jonathan Harker, a solicitor, Dr. John Seward, an asylum doctor and Dr. Van Helsing, a scientist, who are out to kill The Count as they fear he may bring more tragedy to their homeland. Before all this chaos, it starts off with Jonathan going to Transylvania to help Dracula with some real estate business. On his journey and stay at the castle, he experiences strange and odd things. 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This novel is an outstanding masterpiece of work, which is why it has been a prototype for various movie releases over the decades, such as Nosfera tu, Horror of Dracula, Dracula A Love StoryRead MoreComparison Of Count Dracula In Bram Stokers Dracula And Dracula1449 Words   |  6 PagesDracula is the infamous vampire, that readers were ï ¬ rst introduced to by Irish author Bram Stoker in 1897 when they read his novel Dracula (Stoker). The author conveys the story of Count Dracula, a mysterious being that is half man, half vampire that sucks blood from the neck of his victims to stay alive (Stoker). This novel is an outstanding masterpiece of work, which is why it has been a prototype for various movie releases over the decades, such as Nosferatu, Horror of Dracula, Dracula A LoveRead MoreDracula, Gothic And Epistolary Novels Of Dracula And Bram Stokers Dracula1357 Words   |  6 PagesIn the late 1890s Bram Stoker takes historical information and old European folktales to create famous Gothic novels like Dracula; Before writing Dracula, he studied for eight years stories of vampires. The title of Stoker’s story has historical significance to Vlad Dracul the 3rd, a Wallachian ruler who impaled his victims on stakes. Bram Stoker also was influenced by his lifetime, before the publication of Dracula, Gothic and Epistolary novels were on the rise hence why Dracula is classified asRead More Draculas Love Story Essay examples1394 Words   |  6 PagesLove Story Bram Stoker’s Dracula is the title of Francis Ford Coppola’s film adaptation of the classic novel Dracula. Coppola signified that the film would stay with the original plot and theme from the novel by putting the author’s name in the title of the film. However, even though he claims that his film is patterned after the novel, Coppola still could not help but put his own twist on the novel by sensualizing the story and adding a love story between Dracula and Mina. By addingRead MoreAbraham Stoker and Theater1231 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham (Bram) Stoker began his life bedridden, weak, and helpless. Stoker, third of seven children, was born in Clontarf, a suburb of Dublin, on November 8, 1847 (Whitelaw 9). His parents were Abraham Stoker, from Dublin, and Charlotte Mathilda Blake Thornley, who was raised in County Sligo (â€Å"Bram Stoker†). 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The Kingdom Movie, Beauty And The Beast - 1758 Words

There Is a Right Time and a Right Way to Do Things A few weeks before summer ended, a movie called Descendants, a new film by Disney, would be coming out soon. The story centers around the exiled children of defeated villains who are invited by the son of King Beast and Queen Belle, from the movie Beauty and The Beast, to attend a prep school with the children of Disney heroes. However, the main reason that these four teens’ parents allow them to go is because of their secret intentions. They are supposed to steal a cherished, magic wand that could either lead to the salvation or the destruction of the kingdom. Soon after discovering that their classmates and the citizens of the kingdom are not as bad as they were led to believe by†¦show more content†¦Both Robert Louis Stevenson and Bram Stoker convey the same idea--even the wicked know when to do what is right--by their similar use in expressing that mental illness doesn’t get in the way of their characters, Renfield’s and Mr.Jekyll’s, humanity. For example, Stoker shows this in the confrontation between Renfield and Dracula when he says, â€Å"it made me mad to know that he had been taking the life out of her...so when he came to-night I was ready for him. I saw the mist stealing in and I grabbed it tight...I held tight; and I thought I was going to win, for I didn’t mean him to take any more of her blood† (269). When Renfield sees the condition Mina is in, after having inviting Dracula into the asylum for the first time, he discovers Dracula’s secret intentions of harming her. He then plans on locking him out of the asylum by using what he mentions as his â€Å"madman power†, which is unnatural strength madmen have. The author portrays Renfield as a wicked man who only cares about his own well-being; however, defies this characteristic by caring about Mina’s safety and trying his best to protect her. Like Renfield, Stevenson’s D r.Jekyll also struggles with a mental illness, and he chooses to deal with this by avoiding his hidden desires, which, for once, causes him to stop thinking about himself but of those around him and how they would be impacted by his illness. This is shown when Dr. Jekyll says, I was slowly losing hold of my original and better self, and becoming

My Feelings On Various Works of Art Essay examples

I would define art as transferring creativity and imagination into tangible manifestations, whether it is music, paintings, sculptures, drawings, portraits, or dance. Art comes in many colors, themes, sizes, styles, and forms. Much of this, I think, is due to the individual artist’s social interaction, ethnic and cultural background, and social status. This could’ve held true for the past as well, but in today’s world, the amount of time exposed to informational media (television/radio news, computers with internet access) have to be added to the list of influences. I believe that all these can have an influence or impact on how a contemporary artist of today may express him/her self. The great masters of art from the†¦show more content†¦The chandelier is made from used tricycle, lampshade made from welding masks and horseshoes, bicycle and decorations made from used iron. All these items are unique and practical, and the most important thing is they are all free of charge (Thompson Reuters). This is a prime example of what fine art fanciers may consider distasteful, for it is not aesthetically pleasing, but its crude creativity is intriguing. The objects he created were practical and by using discarded materials, he was doing his part to help the local environment. Although Tito’s creations are not beautiful, people who promote Green practices would appreciate what he has done. Beard 3 There are many things that can be characterize as a work of art, all of which include the feelings and moods it evokes, the thoughts and questions it induces, and the affect it has on the senses when the art is experienced, whether it be visual, tactile or auditory. Visual art consists of paintings, frescos, and more recent than former times, photography. Visual art can have the power to grab the imagination and transport the observer into the painting itself, depending on how intriguing and alluring the image or scene may be. There are many paintings throughout history that seem to possess this ability. In Diego Velasquez’s painting, Las Meninas (Maids of Honor), he creates a stirring, uneasy feelingShow MoreRelatedArt Is My Career Choice872 Words   |  4 Pages9/29/16 Expression art is my career choice because my life was always surrounded by art. Signed up for art classes in my middle school. Then took the next step by applying for a visual arts highs school becoming an art major. Not only that, my mother has been behind me, and also my art teachers. Many times I ve been ready to give up and quit. But I always find myself doing art again. Art is something I can not escape. 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Stefan’s Diaries Bloodlust Chapter 29 Free Essays

Damon and I ran at vampire speed through the streets of New Orleans. Unlike when we first arrived and Damon lagged reluctantly behind me, we ran side by side, the adobe and brick houses blurring past us like melting wax. Something had shifted between us in that arena, I felt it in my very being. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Chapter 29 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Something had changed in Damons eyes as hed regarded me and refused to attack, even as the crowd jeered on. I wondered how the match would have ended had the tent not gone up in flames–would we have taken the humans one by one, or would one Salvatore brother have ended up dead and bloodied on the dusty floor? The image of the Mystic Falls church blazing like an oversize torch sprang to my mind. The town had burned down the church and the vampires trapped within it the night our father killed us–and the vampire Damon had loved. But Damon and I were still here, like phoenixes rising from the ashes of the vampires who came before us. Perhaps out of the fire of this circus in our new home city, a new kinship between us would spring to life–like the new life that arose in prairies after the previous years crops had been burned to the level of the soil. Damon and I continued to run, our feet slapping against the cobblestones in perfect unison, down the back alleys and streets Id learned so well in my few weeks of living here. But as we rounded the corner onto Dauphine, the same street where Lexi had taken me shopping, I stopped short. Affixed to the window of the tailors shop was a crude drawing of me and Damon, our fangs bared, both of us crouched low.The fight of the century, the posters read. I wondered if Callie had drawn them. Probably. Damon leaned in close, examining the poster. â€Å"That drawing makes you look a bit stocky, brother. Might be time to lay off the barmaids.† â€Å"Ha, ha,† I said dryly, looking around. Shouts sounded behind us, in the direction of the circus. We had a good head start, but if Callie had distributed these posters as widely as we had the posters for Damon, then we wouldnt be safe until we were inside. The spindly spire of a church rose in the distance–the church that was kitty-corner to Lexis place. â€Å"Come on!† I pushed Damon in the direction of the church, and we didnt talk until we reached the rickety white house. â€Å"This is where you live?† Damons lip curled as his eyes flicked up from the sagging, whitewashed porch to the dark windows. â€Å"Well, I understand that it may not measure up to your standards, but we all must make sacrifices every now and again,† I said sarcastically as I led him to the back door. The door swung open, allowing a triangular slice of light to pour out over the dark backyard. I put my hands up as Lexi appeared in the doorway. â€Å"I know you said no visitors, but–â€Å" â€Å"Come in. Quickly!† she said, locking the door the second we crossed the threshold. In the main room, candles were burning, and Buxton, Hugo, and Percy were all perched on the chairs and couches, as if they were in the middle of a meeting. â€Å"You must be Damon.† Lexi nodded to him slightly. â€Å"Welcome to our home.† I was aware of Damon watching her, and wondered what he saw. â€Å"Yes, maam,† Damon said with an easy grin. â€Å"And Im afraid that during our time in captivity, my brother somehow failed to mention you and your†Ã¢â‚¬â€œhis eyes flicked over Percy and Buxton–â€Å"family.† Percy bristled and half-rose from his seat, but Lexi put up a hand to stop him. â€Å"Im Lexi. And as Stefan is your brother, my home is your home.† â€Å"We escaped,† I started to explain. Lexi nodded. â€Å"I know. Buxton was there.† â€Å"You were?† I whirled around in surprise. â€Å"Were you betting for me or against me?† Damon let out a little snort. Lexi laid a hand on my forearm. â€Å"Be nice. He was there to help you.† My eyes widened. â€Å"You were going to help me?† Buxton leaned back in his chair. â€Å"I was. But then someone had the bright idea to burn down the whole place, so I left.† He crossed his arms over his chest, looking pleased at himself for being part of the action. â€Å"It was Callie. She lit the fire,† I said. Lexis eyes registered surprise. â€Å"I was wrong,† she said simply. â€Å"Its been known to happen.† â€Å"You must forgive my poor manners in interrupting, but do you have anything to eat?† Damon asked, not turning away from the portrait of an old woman that he was examining. â€Å"Ive had a rather difficult few weeks.† For the first time since we had escaped, I really looked at my brother. His voice was hoarse, as if he was unused to using it. Bloody gashes covered his arms and legs; his clothes were in tattered rags; and his shock of black hair was filthy and lank against his pale neck. Red rimmed his eyes, and his hands trembled slightly. â€Å"Of course. You boys must be starving.† Lexi tsked. â€Å"Buxton, take him to the butcher shop. Let him eat his fill. I doubt there are enough humans in New Orleans to quench his thirst. And tonight, at least, he deserves to eat like a king.† â€Å"Yes, maam,† Buxton said, bowing slightly as he raised his bulk from the chair. â€Å"Ill join him,† I said, heading toward the door. â€Å"No.† Lexi shook her head and grabbed my arm–hard. â€Å"I have tea for you.† â€Å"But † I protested, confused and annoyed. I could practically taste the pigs blood on my tongue. â€Å"No buts,† Lexi said sharply, sounding remarkably like my mother. Buxton opened the door for Damon, who wiggled his brow at me as if to say, â€Å"Poor boy!† If Lexi saw, she pretended not to notice, instead busying herself with the tea kettle while I slumped on one of the rickety chairs set up around the table, my head resting on my hands. â€Å"When you become a vampire, its not just your teeth and diet that change,† Lexi said as she stoked the fire in the stove, her back toward me. â€Å"What does that mean?† I asked defensively. â€Å"It means that you and your brother arent who you used to be. Youve both changed, and you may not know Damon as well as you think,† Lexi said, carrying two steaming mugs in her hands. â€Å"Goats blood.† â€Å"I dontlikegoats blood,† I said, pushing the mug away angrily. I sounded like a petulant toddler, and I didnt care. â€Å"And no one knows Damon better than I do.† â€Å"Oh, Stefan,† Lexi said, looking at me kindly. â€Å"I know. But promise me youll be careful. These are dangerous times–for everyone.† At the worddangerous, something clicked in my mind. â€Å"Callie! I have to find her!† â€Å"No!† Lexi pushed me back down on my chair. â€Å"Her father will not harm her, but hell kill you, given half the chance, and youre in no shape for a fight.† I opened my mouth to protest, but Lexi cut me off. â€Å"Callie is fine. You can see her tomorrow. But for now, drink the blood. Fall asleep. When you awaken, you will be healed, and you, Damon, and Callie will figure out everything then.† Lexi left the kitchen with a swish of her aprons and extinguished the lamp. Suddenly exhaustion fell over me like a heavy blanket, and the desire to fight Lexis advice drained from my body. With a sigh, I lifted the mug and took a small sip. The liquid was warm and velvety, and I couldnt help but admit that it was good. Lexi was right–I would see Callie tomorrow to say good-bye. But I needed rest. My entire body hurt, even my heart. At least you know you have one, I imagined Lexi saying, and I smiled in the darkness. How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Chapter 29, Essay examples

Management Of Health Care Information and Business Information

Question: How Does Management Of Health Care Information Differ From The Management Of Business Information? Answer: Introduction Ideally, it is vital for all institutions or organizations to have information to maintain the business process together with decision making. Achievements are made through information communicated in the right manner and transmitted, an action taken by the recipient, given meaning and interpreted correctly (Laudon Laudon, 2013). Information technology (IT) enhances quick transmission of information from the person sending to the person or people receiving it. In general, IT can be described as the combination of tools, method, and processes involved in the collection, processing, and presentation of data or information (Abdelhak et al., 2014). In a health care setting, IT is one of the core elements in ensuring the services required are provided at the same time maintaining cost. Health information technology (HIT) is sought to bring a better cost-efficient system of healthcare. HIT is formulated to be used by the healthcare entities including patients to improve the health of the p atients through the creation of an electronic world that allows the exchange of information ranging from robotic surgeries to various chronic disease monitoring devices done at home. HIT should be used at the right place in the right manner and by the required people and hence a consensus should be applied to the HIT purpose. All stakeholders in health care must agree with the current system in the United States and base their communication to the current technology (Fiaidhi, et al., 2016). This essay gives a description of how management of health care information differs from management of business information to ensure efficient flow of information. Body of report Confidentiality in the Patients Data The patients data faces the danger of being breached, and due to this, there has been a widespread usage in mobile devices together with the technology of telemedicine in health updates (Free et al., 2013). These updates are health IT-related regulations and have the capability of upgrading and updating itself. The organization and business in healthcare including the billing companies in the third party take care of protected information of health. They are also responsible for Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) rule of privacy in U.S. The law has given a mandate to patients to access their PHI, and its access is limited to other parties for confidentiality. In the case of breaching patients privacy information the healthcare attendant is found guilty and can be fined by the office of civil rights (Rozenblum et al., 2015). Health Information Management (HIM) According to the American Health Information Management Association, (2015) Health information management (HIM) can be described as the practice in which digital or traditional medical information is acquired, analyzed, and protected to ensure quality care for the patient. HIM professionals go through training concerning the latest technology of managing information. They are experienced in bringing together the clinical as well as management sciences due to their excellent knowledge in providing a quality data. HIM professionals have the capability to keep their integrity at high levels concerning health information even though some lack technical skills in of health system of information. They should understand how to apply HIM in the workflow of all healthcare professionals whether in a large hospital or private physicians. The HIM professionals are the custodians and managers of business in ensuring the information is well organized in a healthcare set-up (Cresswell et al., 2013) . Roles of HIM in IT-Management There are four major components which are interrelated. These include; IT, data, processes and the user. Primarily, HIM professionals had a role in data processing and management in the form of information, while in modern technology their roles have heightened into IT and user in healthcare. The latter are supporting services in IT. These professionals have the responsibility in the quality of patients data and care at every level as they work in various settings of job titles. They are involved in bridging, operating, connection in the clinics and operational roles. They also ensure diseases are classified and treated accordingly ensuring they fit for all sections in the healthcare, be it clinical, financial sector or other legal uses. By ensuring the smooth running of information, they protect and care for patients medical data. These includes; a history of physical examination, lab test results from an example being urine, stool and blood tests, clinical information, x-ray and ra diography proceedings. Confidentiality and security of high integrity should be maintained at all cost. New methods should be adopted in the process of capturing storing information and accessing it with ease electronically. The electronic data should be accurate and organized to enable the hospital run smoothly with advancement in new technology (Gibson et al., 2015) HIM and management of information infrastructure The HIM professionals have various roles in ensuring the national health of information infrastructure is maintained. The Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) together with HITECH Act developed a HIT infrastructure that allows the use of electronic in exchange of information nationwide (Lorenzi Riley, 2013). The above ensures the following areas have been addressed: 1) securing and protecting the medical information of the patient, 2) minimizing the cost of medication that may arise from random errors or incomplete information hence making it patient-centered organization. 3) Ensuring appropriate information is maintained that will guide the medical decision, 4) including public judgments in the developments, 5) increase the relationship between various stakeholders in the hospital including lab attendants, physicians, and doctors. Others include; heightening clinical study and quality of health, early diagnosis, prevention and managing of chronic diseases and lastly coming up w ith methods in which health disparities can be alienated. HIM in maintenance of security and privacy in EMRs For privacy together with security, the electronic exchange has been facilitated for ease of accessing the health information when it is required while at the same time protecting the privacy of that particular information (Calvillo, 2015). HIM professionals have a responsibility of maintaining confidentiality and security at the level of a general population. In this level, the infrastructure of information is the flow of information goes between different stakeholders of the hospitals to enable the utility of the information. In such a situation, there is a need for trust between the doctors and the patient. The Act published by HITECH gave the power chief privacy officer National Coordinator to provide advice to the ONC concerning the security and confidentiality of the electronic medical records (EMRs). HIPAA is another federal regulation dealing with rules guiding the health information privacy and protection policies to providers and users of the information. Lastly, telemedici ne technologies have been extended the privacy and security concerns at homes where some patients are monitored (Nasi et al., 2015). HIM and information interoperability Another role of HIM is observed in information interoperability where the information on health can be shared between the different health professionals for the support of healthcare requirement. Interoperability can be achieved through various systems of information are adopted using different standards that are formulated to aid in names, terms, composition and health information messaging (Weaver et al., 2016). Role of HIT in management of IT in Healthcare HIM professionals take part in HIT adoption. Health and Human Services (HHS) department deploys the EHRs together with the individual record which use information to support the personal and general population health. The current study by centers of disease control (CDC) has shown that doctors are less trying to adopt the EMRs as a system in prescribing, making orders checking laboratory results and coming up with notes electronically. The reasons could be varying some being because of lacking health care incentives that help in adoption of EHRs between users who benefits greatly. High initial cost of coming up with an information system and lastly, there have been difficulties in starting and running the PHRs as reported. Adoption of PHRs and EHRs is vital and can be facilitated by HIM professionals by holding educational training concerning the adoption of information technology and its management. The gap in the adopting EHRs is mostly seen in underserved locations who are trying their level best to reach their target in using EHRs despite a reduction in required resources and knowledge. HIT professionals have the responsibility of ensuring that knowledge is shared among those people in underserved areas to ensure similar growth and development in adopting IT (McWay, 2013). They should do this by organizing training sessions, giving students interns so that they get them get experience, collaborating with those at the underserved areas and lastly by holding motivational activities (Chatterjee et al., 2013). Difficulties can be felt when there is a failure in the adoption of EHRs, and also impossibilities in building the informational infrastructure nationwide. In the United States, AHIMA, members are working in various healthcare organization uses their power to improve the health information set-up. Conclusion In conclusion, the vast difference is observed in the management of health care information compared to that of the management of business information. Two major groups of professionals are the custodians in managing IT in the health care which are health information management (HIM) and health information technologists (HIT). Also, the management of digitalized medical records allows equal access to already present, legible, and accessible patient information that can be used in the care, and research (Cavusoglu et al.,2015). Though many challenges can emerge with the transition from manual to digitalized record keeping, there is need to move to EMRs and PMRs. The managers of the information will have the authority in monitoring any change that may occur while implementing the current technology (LaTour et al., 2013). References Abdelhak, M., Grostick, S., Hanken, M. A. (2014). Health information: management of a strategic resource. Elsevier Health Sciences. 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